Transformation-Positive & Important Points

Transformation-Positive & Important Points

Rules of Degree Transformation

 

Positive (āĻŽā§‚āϞ āϰ⧂āĻĒ)

Comparative (~ er / more ~ / less ~)

Superlative (~ est / most ~ / least ~)

1.

No other + Adj āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ + Verb (sing) + so / as + Adj āĻāϰ pos + as +  āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ Sub

 

e.g.: No other boy in our class is as tall as Hasan.

Sub + verb + Adj āĻāϰ Com + than any other / than all other + āϤ⧁āϞāĻ¨ā§€ā§Ÿ NP

 

: Hasan is taller than any other boy in our class.

Sub + V + the +Adj āĻāϰ Sup +of any / of all (āύāĻžāĻ“ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇)+āϤ⧁āϞāĻ¨ā§€ā§Ÿ NP

 

: Hasan is the tallest boy in our class.

2.

Very few + Adj āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ + Verb (Plu) + so / as + Adj āĻāϰ pos + as + āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ Sub

 

: Very few boys in our class are as tall as Hasan.

Sub + verb + Adj āĻāϰ Com + than few other / than most other + āϤ⧁āϞāĻ¨ā§€ā§Ÿ NP (plu)

 

:Hasan is taller than few other boys in our class.

Sub + verb + one of the + Adj āĻāϰ Sup +  āϤ⧁āϞāĻ¨ā§€ā§Ÿ NP (Plu)

 

:Hasan is one of the tallest boys in our class.

3.

Than āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ (NP2) + Verb (āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāϰ⧀āϤ sense - āĻšā§āϝāĻžāρ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ āύāĻž, āύāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ āĻšā§āϝāĻžāρ) + so / as + Adj āĻāϰ pos + as + āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ Sub (NP1)

 

e.g.: Kamal is not so tall as Hasan

āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ Sub (NP1) + Verb (āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāϰ⧀āϤ sense - āĻšā§āϝāĻžāρ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ āύāĻž, āύāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ āĻšā§āϝāĻžāρ)  + Adj āĻāϰ Com + than + āϤ⧁āϞāĻ¨ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ (NP2) 

 

e.g.: Hasan is taller than Kamal.

 

4.

Sub (NP1) + Verb + no less / not less āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ as/so, less āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ not as/so + Adj āĻāϰ pos + as + NP2

e.g.: Kamal is so tall as Hasan

Kamal is not so tall as Hasan.

Sub (NP1) + Verb + as/so āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ no less / not less, not as/so āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ less + Adj āĻāϰ pos + than + NP2

Kamal is no less tall than Hasan

Kamal is less tall than Hasan

 

5.

As soon as + Sub + V2 + Ext, Sub + V2 + Ext

 

As soon as he saw me, he ran away

No sooner had + Sub + V3 + Ext + than + Sub + V2 + Ext

No sooner had he seen me than he ran away.

 

Note:  ā§§āύāĻ‚ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽā§‡āϰ Superlative āĻ of all / of any āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ positive āĻ āϤāĻž āωāϠ⧇ āϝāĻžā§Ÿ, Comparative āĻ of all = than all other, of any = than any other āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āύāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇āĻ“ than any other  āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

- Positive āĻ āφāϏāϤ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Positive āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ āωāĻ˛ā§āĻŸā§‡ āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁āϤ⧇ āφāϏ⧇āĨ¤

 

Some Critical Points:

  1. āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ Entity-āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻž āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ Adjective āĻāϰ comparative   degree āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāϰāĻĒāϰ than āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ 

2.  Irregular comparative form āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ adjective āϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύ⧇ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻŋāϤ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ āĻ…āύ⧁⧟āĻžā§Ÿā§€  comparison āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύ⧇ āĻ•ā§Ÿā§‡āĻ•āϟāĻŋ irregular  adjective āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϞ:

Adjective

Comparative

Superlative

 Bad

 Worse

Worst

Far

 Father / further

 Farthest / furthest

Good

 Better

 Best

Little

 Less

Least

 Many

 More

Most

 Much

More

 Most

3. āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϕ⧋āύ Sentence āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ clause āϟāĻŋ  comparative  form āĻ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ  clause āϟāĻŋāĻ“  comparative   form-āĻ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ  comparative āĻāϰ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ⧇āχ the āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇, āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ clause āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ clause āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤  Example : The  faster we  finish   the sooner  we  can leave.

4.  Than āĻ›āĻžā§œāĻžāĻ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻž āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ adjective āĻāϰ comparative  degree āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āϏ⧇āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇  sentence āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽā§‡ āĻŦāĻž āĻļ⧇āώ⧇  of the  two / pair / twins āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ– āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ⧇, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ comparative-āĻāϰ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ⧇  the āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ Example :  Harvey  is the smarter  of  the  two  boys / Of the  two books  this  one is the more interesting.

5. āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāϕ⧇ āĻœā§‹āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ  Comparative  degree āĻāϰ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ⧇  far / much āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤  Example :  A watermelon  is much sweeter  than  a lemon . / She dances  much  more  artistically  than her  predecessors

6. āĻĻ⧁āĻ‡ā§Ÿā§‡āϰ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•  Entity-āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻž āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϤ⧇   adjective-āĻāϰ  superlative   degree āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚  superlative āĻāϰ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ⧇ āϏāĻŦ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ  the āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ Exercises : she is   prettier   of  all the  girls in  our  class.

7.  Sentence-āĻ  one  of  the āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ adjective-āĻāϰ  superlative  degree āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤Example : One  of  the  greatest  tennis  players  in the  world  is Biron  Borg / Kuwait  is one  of the  biggest  oil  producers  in the  world

8.  Comparative   estimates  ---- multiple  numbers: āϕ⧋āύ Sentence-āĻ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ   multiple  number āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ  as many as āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž as much  as āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

Uncountable  noun āĻāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ  as much as āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ Multiple  number āϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻšāϞ⧋: Half / Twice / Three times / four times etc

Note :  multiple  number āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ so ------as āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž   more  than / less  than āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇, many  much āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ noun āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϤ⧇āĻ“ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ āύāĻžāĻ“ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤ Exercises :  This  one is prettier  , but  it  costs  twice  much as    the other one.

9.   Comparative   estimates  -----as  many  as :

āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻž āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ⧇ As many as āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ Exercises : There   are as many  fifteen  thousand  students  attending  summer  school

10.  Illogical  comparative  degrees

 Comparison āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāύāϤ āĻāĻ•āχ entity āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻ•āĻ–āύ⧋ āφāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āϜāĻŋāύāĻŋāϏ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇  compare āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϞ⧇ illogical  comparison āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇  that  of / those  of āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ illogical comparison āϕ⧇ logical   comparison āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤

āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻŦ⧇,  Singular  noun āĻāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ that of āĻāĻŦāĻ‚  plural  noun āĻāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ  those   of āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤Exercise :  Her  qualifications  are better  than those of   any  other  candidate

Note :   possessive āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ illogical   comparison-āϕ⧇  logical  comparison āĻ āϰ⧁āĻĒ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āϝāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤ Example: His  drawings  are  as perfect  as his  instructor's ( possessive  ) 

Note : āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ instructor's āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧇ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇  instructors'   drawings

11.  āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻž āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĻ⧁āχāϟāĻŋ Noun āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āύāĻž āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĻ⧁āχāϟāĻŋ  adjective āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽāϟāĻŋāϰ āφāϗ⧇  more āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āωāϭ⧟ adjective āĻāϰ positive  degree āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤Example :  This  rice is   more  cheaper   than  good

12. āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύāϞāĻŋāĻ–āĻŋāϤ Adjective āϏāĻŦ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ comparative- āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰ  than āύāĻž āĻŦāϏ⧇ to āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ Superior  ,  inferior , senior , junior  ,  prior , posterior. Example: She is senior to you by three years