Modals Part-01

3.8. Modals Part-01

Modal Auxiliary verb

Can / could / could have / may / might / might have

1. Ability, permission āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ possibility āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ can āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

 Example:    He can do the sum (ability) , Can I go now?  (Permission)

 It can be the best of all. (Possibility)

 2. Ability   in the   past āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ could āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

  Example:  He could   do the sum

āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“  Could  conditional   sentence āĻ āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

 3. May, might āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž permission āĻāĻŦāĻ‚   probability āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤

 Example:   May I go now?  (In case of permission may is more formal    than can)  It might   rain tomorrow ,   It may rain tomorrow

4. āϏāĻŦāĻŋāύ⧟ Request āĻŦāĻž offer āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ would āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

 Example:  Would   you like some biscuits?

5. Can’t help / couldn’t help āĻāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰ gerund āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž {Cannot help / could   not help} + (verb + ing)

 āϤāĻŦ⧇ Can’t but /  couldn’t  but āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ v1 āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž  

{Cannot but / could not but} v1

 Example:   I can’t help going there āϤāĻŦ⧇,

 I can’t   but go   there

 6. āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§āϝ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§ŸāύāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ could have + v3 āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤  Example:   I could have married anybody      but I did not

 I could have won   the race if I hadn’t fallen

 

Should / should be / should have/ had better

1. āϕ⧋āύ Recommendation, advice āĻŦāĻž obligation āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ prediction āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇  should āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ Example :  You  should  respect  your  teachers  if  you  want  to be  successful. / Masum should study tonight as he has as exam tomorrow

 2. Speaker expect āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻšāωāĻ• āĻŦāĻž āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ should āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤  Example: It should   rain tomorrow (I expect it to rain tomorrow)  My  cheek  should  arrive  next  week ( I  expect  it to arrive next  week)

3. Should (āωāϚāĻŋā§Ž), had better(āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āĻ­āĻžāϞ), ought to(āĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝ) āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ be supposed to(āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āφāĻ•āĻžāĻ‚āĻ–āĻž) āĻāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻžā§Ÿ āĻāĻ•āχ āϰāĻ•āĻŽ meaning āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āύāĻŋāĻšāĻŋāϤ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻ—āϤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ•ā§āϝ āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāϰāĻž āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύ⧋āĻ•ā§āϤ Structure follow āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

  Subject {had better / should / ought to /  be supposed to / am -is - are to / was - were to} + verb in simple form

Example: Shafiq should study tonight. / Shafiq had  better study tonight. / Shafiq ought   to study tonight. / Shafiq is supposed to study tonight. 

 4. āϕ⧋āύ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻāĻ–āύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ Should be + verb ( ing ) āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

Example:   Why are you watching TV   now?  / You have   an exam tomorrow. / You should be reading now.

5. āϕ⧋āύ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ āύāĻŋ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ Should have+ V3 āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

 Example:  You should have done   the work.

 

Used to 

1.  āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ­ā§āϝāĻžāϏ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ Used to + v1 āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ 

Example: When Dalia was young, he used   to swim   once a day.

āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻŦ⧇: Used  to   is always  in this  form,   it can   never be  use to. āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ Used to āĻāϰ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ  be verb  āĻŦāĻž get āĻŦāϏāϞ⧇   verb   + ing āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ   present  / past  /  future āϝ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ   tense āĻāϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž  

-be +usedto /get +used to/ become+usedto + verb+ing Example:Tomal is used to swimmingeveryday. / Masud was used to swimming everyday. / Sayeed will be used to swimming everyday.

āĻŦā§āϝāϤāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽ: āĻ…āĻ­ā§āϝāĻžāϏ āύāĻž āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ 'āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ-āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ' āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϞ⧇ Be  verb  +  used  to āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ   v1 āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻŦ⧇ subject āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āϝāχ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ• āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤    Example:  CNG is used to power vehicle (āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇)