Parts of speech -Pronoun
2. Parts of speech -Pronoun
Description is not applied here.
1. The Pronoun-ClassificationPronoun
Definition:
A Pronoun is a word used instead of a Noun. āĻ āϰā§āĻĨāĻžā§ Noun āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻā§ Pronoun āĻŦāϞā§āĨ¤
Example: Salim has a book. He reads the book. He reads it.
āĻāĻāύ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ⧠Salim āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻāĻŋ Subject āĻšā§ā§āĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§ā§ āĻ āϤā§āϤā§ā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ⧠Salim āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠He āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻāĻŋ Subject āĻšāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤
Classification: Pronoun āĻā§ ā§Ž āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§āĨ¤ āύā§āĻā§ āĻāĻā§āϰ āĻŽāĻžāϧā§āϝāĻŽā§ āϏā§āĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§ā§āĻž āĻšāϞāĻ
Classification of Pronoun in a table
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1. Personal Pronoun āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ āϏāϰā§āĻŦāύāĻžāĻŽ
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Sub: form: |
I |
We |
You |
He |
She |
It |
They |
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Obj: form: |
Me |
Us |
You |
Him |
Her |
It |
Them |
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Possessive pro: |
Mine |
Ours |
Yours |
His |
Hers |
Its |
Theirs |
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Possessive Adj: |
My |
Our |
Your |
His |
Her |
Its |
Their |
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2. Demonstrative Pronoun āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāϤāĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ āϏāϰā§āύāύāĻžāĻŽ |
This, These, That, Those etc. |
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3. Reflexive Pronoun āĻāϤā§āĻŽāύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļāĻ āϏāϰā§āĻŦāύāĻžāĻŽ |
Myself, Ourselves, Yourself, Yourselves, Himself, Herself, Itself, Themselves etc. |
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4. Relative Pronoun āϏāĻŽā§āĻŦāύā§āϧāĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ āϏāϰā§āĻŦāύāĻžāĻŽ |
Who, Whom, Which, That etc. |
āĻā§āύāĻžāϰ āϏāĻšāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻžā§ āĻšāϞā§- āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻļā§āϰā§āϤ⧠/ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞā§āĻ āĻļā§āώ⧠full stop (.)āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĨ¤ |
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5. Interrogative Pronoun āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻŦā§āϧāĻ āϏāϰā§āĻŦāύāĻžāĻŽ
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Who, Whom, Which, That etc. |
-āĻā§āύāĻžāϰ āϏāĻšāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻžā§ āĻšāϞā§- āĻāĻšāĻž āĻ āĻŦāĻļā§āϝāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻļā§āϰā§āϤ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ -āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻļā§āώ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻŦā§āϧāĻ āĻāĻŋāĻšā§āύ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ |
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6. Indefinite Pronoun āĻ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāϰā§āĻŦāύāĻžāĻŽ |
One, Anyone, Someone, Any, Many, Some, None etc. |
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7. Distributive Pronoun āĻŦāύā§āĻāύāύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļāĻ āϏāϰā§āĻŦāύāĻžāĻŽ |
Every, Each, Every one, Either, Neither etc. |
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8. Reciprocal Pronoun āĻĒāĻžāϰāϏā§āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻāύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļāĻ |
Each other, One another etc |
āĻĻā§āĻāĻāύā§āϰ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠each other āĻ āύā§āĻāĻā§ āĻĒāϰāϏā§āĻĒāϰ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠one another. |
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2. The Pronoun-Important Use
Pronoun
: Some very important points:
1. Subject āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āϏāĻŦ āϏāĻŽā§ Pronoun āĻāϰ subject āϰā§āĻĒ āĻŦāϏāĻžāϤ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤
āϝāĻĨāĻžāĻ Incorrect: Fahim and us are going to join the same party.
Correct: Fahim and we are going to join the same party.
2. Verb to Be (am, is, are, was, were) āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ āϏāĻŦ āϏāĻŽā§ Subject āϰā§āĻĒ āĻŦāϏāĻžāϤ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤ āϝāĻĨāĻžāĻ
1. Incorrect: It is him whom the committee selected.
Correct: It is he whom the committee selected.
2. Incorrect: I wish I were him.
Correct: I wish I were he.
3. Preposition āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ āϏāĻŦ āϏāĻŽā§ Pronoun āĻāϰ Object āϰā§āĻĒ āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻā§āϝ Object Pronoun āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāύāϤāĻAmong, of, between, from, to, for, with, āĻāĻ Proposition āĻā§āϞāĻŋ āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āϝāĻĨāĻžāĻ
1. Incorrect: The cake is from he.
Correct: The cake is from him.
2. Incorrect: Rupa came to I.
Correct: Rupa came to me.
3. Incorrect: The flowers are from Jhon and we.
correct: The flowers are from Jhon and us.
4. āĻāĻāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻ Noun āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§ā§āĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻāϏāϞā§, āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§ā§ āĻŦāĻžāϰā§āϰ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠Possessive pronoun (mine / ours/ yours etc) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤ āϝāĻĨāĻžāĻ
Incorrect: My shoe is better than your shoe.
Correct: My shoe is better than yours.
5. Verb + ing āϰā§āĻĒā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦā§ Possessive Adjective āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤ āϝāĻĨāĻžāĻ
1. Incorrect: I can’t rely on she helping us.
Correct: I can’t rely on her helping us.
2. Incorrect: If you insist on I coming, you must pay my fare.
Correct: If you insist on my coming, you must pay my fare.
6. āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻŦā§āϧā§āϝāϤāĻž āĻā§āĻžāύā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ Relative Pronoun āĻā§ āϝāϤāĻāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻāĻŦ āϤāĻžāϰ Antecedent ( āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦāĻĒāĻĻ) āĻāϰ āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāϏāĻžāϤ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤ āϝāĻĨāĻžāĻ
Incorrect: The man is very honest who doesn’t tell a lie.
Correct: The man who is very honest doesn’t tell a lie.
Or: The man who doesn’t tell a lie is very honest.
7. As /so.........as āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§ā§ as āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠Pronoun āĻāϰ Subject āϰā§āĻĒ āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āϝāĻĨāĻžāĻ
Incorrect: Helen is as beautiful as her.
Correct: Helen is as beautiful as she.
8. Than āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ Subject āϰā§āĻĒ āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āϝāĻĨāĻžāĻ Incorrect: Kamal is taller than me. Correct: Kamal is taller than I.
9. Let āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠pronoun āĻāϰ object āϰā§āĻĒ āĻŦāϏāĻžāϤ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤ āϝāĻĨāĻžāĻ Let me go out.
10. But āϝāĻāύ āĻāĻžā§āĻž / āĻŦā§āϝāϤā§āϤ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻāϰ⧠āϤāĻāύ āĻāĻšāĻž preposition, āϤāĻžāĻ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠pronoun āĻāϰ object āϰā§āĻĒ āĻŦāϏāĻžāϤ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤ āϝāĻĨāĻžāĻ
All but him came to me.
11. Such āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ Relative Pronoun ‘who’ āύāĻž āĻšā§ā§ ‘as’ āĻŦāϏāĻžāϤ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤ āϝāĻĨāĻžāĻ
1. Incorrect: I want such a boy who is intelligent.
Correct: I want such a boy as is intelligent.
2. Incorrect: Such boys who are idle can not shine. Correct: Such boys as are idle can not shine.
12. Some, Only, Any, All, One, Same āĻāĻŦāĻ Interrogative pronoun who, what āĻāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠which āύāĻž āĻŦāϏāĻŋā§ā§ that āĻŦāϏāĻžāϤ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤ āϝāĻĨāĻžāĻ All that glitters is not gold. / You may take any book that you want. / Who is the man that came here?
13. What (āϝāĻžāĻšāĻž āϤāĻžāĻšāĻž / āϤāĻžāĻšāĻž āϝāĻžāĻšāĻž ) āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āĻā§āύ Antecedent āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāĻļ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āϝāĻžā§ what āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦā§ verb āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŦāĻž what āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻāĻŋ āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤ āϝāĻĨāĻžāĻ
1. Incorrect: This is the case what I want. Correct: This is what I want. Or, This is the case that I want.
Another example: What you said I didn’t understand. What he thinks is quite wrong.
14. It’s āĻāĻŦāĻ its āĻāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āϞāĻā§āώā§āϝ āϰāĻžāĻāϤ⧠āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ It’s = it is āĻāĻŦāĻ Its = āĻāĻšāĻžāϰāĨ¤ āϝāĻĨāĻžāĻ
Incorrect: The dog has it’s bones.
Correct: The dog has its bones.
15. Reflexive pronoun āĻāĻāύāĻ Subject āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧠āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϝāĻĨāĻžāĻ
Incorrect: Rana and myself were in the field.
Correct: Rana and I were in the field.
3. The Pronoun-Noun Pronoun Agreement
Pronoun
:Noun-Pronoun Agreement:
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1. Agreement of It: āĻŦāϏā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ Noun, āĻāϤāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖā§, āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§, āĻŽāϤ (idea) āĻāĻŦāĻ collective noun āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āϝāĻĨāĻžāĻ 1. I have a very nice pen, it also writes well. 2. A dog is always faithful to its master. 3. We wanted to arrange a seminar but we could not realize it for some reasons. 2. Agreement of Indefinite pronoun and possessive pronoun: a. Each /every+noun+verb+his/her+ Complement. Ex: Every boy and every girl performs his duty sincerely. b. Who/whoever+verb+his+Complement. Ex: Whoever called did not leave his name. c. Either+singular noun+or+singular noun+ verb+his/her + complement. Ex: Either Sumita or Poushi deposited her money. N.B: āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ Noun āĻāϰ āĻā§āύāĻāĻŋ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ Plural āĻšā§, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠Possessive āĻāĻŋāĻ Plural āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ Ex: Either he or his friends did their work.
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3. First person āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻ āύā§āϝ āĻā§āύ Noun āĻŦāĻž Pronoun āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠āϤāĻžāĻĻā§āϰ Pronoun āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ First Person āĻāϰ Plural āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āϝāĻĨāĻžāĻ a. Rita and I did our best. b. You and your friends tried your best. 4. Impersonal Pronoun: (āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ āϏāϰā§āĻŦāύāĻžāĻŽ): One āĻāϰ Object āĻāĻŦāĻ possessive āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ one āĻ one’s āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ (āϤāĻŦā§ Spoken English āĻ him / his āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§āĨ¤) āϝāĻĨāĻžāĻ If one knew the facts, one would not be so quick to criticize. 5. Sequence of pronoun: [Pronoun āĻāϰ āĻā§āϰāĻŽāϧāĻžāϰāĻž] āĻāĻāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ Person āĻāĻāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϞ⧠āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻāϤāĻž āĻŦāĻāĻžā§ āϰāĻžāĻāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋā§āĻŽ āĻšāϞāĻ a. āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāύ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨā§āĻ Second person + third person + First person. (231) Ex: You, he and I are friends. b. āĻĻā§āώ/ āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧā§āϰ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰā§āĻ First person + third person Second person (132) Ex: I, he and you are liable (āĻāĻāύāϤ āĻĻāĻžā§ā§) for this misdeed. |