Parts of speech -Pronoun

2. Parts of speech -Pronoun

Description is not applied here.

1. The Pronoun-Classification

Pronoun

Definition:

A Pronoun is a word used instead of a Noun. āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž  Noun āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāϕ⧇ Pronoun āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤

Example: Salim has a book. He reads the book. He reads it.

āĻāĻ–āύ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ Salim āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāϟāĻŋ Subject āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻ“ āϤ⧃āĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ Salim āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇ He āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻāϟāĻŋ Subject āĻšāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤

Classification: Pronoun āϕ⧇ ā§Ž āĻ­āĻžāϗ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤ āύ⧀āĻšā§‡ āĻ›āϕ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āϏ⧇āϟāĻŋ āĻĻā§‡ā§ŸāĻž āĻšāϞāσ

 

Classification of Pronoun in a table

1. Personal Pronoun

āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ• āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāύāĻžāĻŽ

 

Sub: form:

I

We

You

He

She

It

They

Obj: form:

Me

Us

You

Him

Her

It

Them

Possessive pro:

Mine

Ours

Yours

His

Hers

Its

Theirs

Possessive Adj:

My

Our

Your

His

Her

Its

Their

2. Demonstrative Pronoun

āχāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāϤāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ• āϏāĻ°ā§āύāύāĻžāĻŽ

This, These, That, Those etc.

3. Reflexive Pronoun

āφāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻ• āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāύāĻžāĻŽ

Myself, Ourselves, Yourself, Yourselves, Himself, Herself, Itself, Themselves etc.

4. Relative Pronoun

āϏāĻŽā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ• āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāύāĻžāĻŽ

Who, Whom, Which, That etc.

āĻšā§‡āύāĻžāϰ āϏāĻšāϜ āωāĻĒāĻžā§Ÿ āĻšāϞ⧋- āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁āϤ⧇ / āĻŽāĻžāĻā§‡ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻļ⧇āώ⧇ full stop (.)āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

5. Interrogative Pronoun

āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻŦā§‹āϧāĻ• āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāύāĻžāĻŽ

 

Who, Whom, Which, That etc.

-āĻšā§‡āύāĻžāϰ āϏāĻšāϜ āωāĻĒāĻžā§Ÿ āĻšāϞ⧋- āχāĻšāĻž āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āϝāχ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁āϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤

-āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻļ⧇āώ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύāĻŦā§‹āϧāĻ• āϚāĻŋāĻšā§āύ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇

6. Indefinite Pronoun

āĻ…āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāύāĻžāĻŽ

One, Anyone, Someone, Any, Many, Some, None etc.

7. Distributive Pronoun

āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϟāύāύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻ• āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāύāĻžāĻŽ

Every, Each, Every one, Either, Neither etc.

8. Reciprocal Pronoun

āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻ¸ā§āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻ•

Each other, One another etc

āĻĻ⧁āχāϜāύ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ each other

āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ•āϕ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻ¸ā§āĻĒāϰ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ one another.

                   

 


2. The Pronoun-Important Use

Pronoun

: Some very important points:

1. Subject āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āϏāĻŦ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ Pronoun āĻāϰ subject āϰ⧂āĻĒ āĻŦāϏāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

 āϝāĻĨāĻžāσ Incorrect: Fahim and us are going to join the same party.

Correct: Fahim and we are going to join the same party.

2. Verb to Be (am, is, are, was, were) āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ āϏāĻŦ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ Subject āϰ⧂āĻĒ āĻŦāϏāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āϝāĻĨāĻžāσ

1. Incorrect:  It is him whom the committee selected.

Correct:  It is he whom the committee selected.

2. Incorrect: I wish I were him.

Correct: I wish I were he.

3. Preposition āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ āϏāĻŦ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ Pronoun āĻāϰ Object āϰ⧂āĻĒ āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ–ā§āϝ Object Pronoun āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāύāϤāσAmong, of, between, from, to, for, with, āĻāχ Proposition āϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āϝāĻĨāĻžāσ

1. Incorrect: The cake is from he.

Correct: The cake is from him.

2. Incorrect: Rupa came to I.

Correct: Rupa came to me.

3. Incorrect: The flowers are from Jhon and we.

correct: The flowers are from Jhon and us.

4. āĻāĻ•āχ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ āĻāĻ•āχ  Noun āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§ŸāĻŦāĻžāϰ āφāϏāϞ⧇, āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻŦāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ Possessive pronoun (mine / ours/ yours etc) āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āϝāĻĨāĻžāσ

Incorrect: My shoe is better than your shoe.

Correct: My shoe is better than yours.

5. Verb + ing āϰ⧂āĻĒ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ⧇ Possessive Adjective āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āϝāĻĨāĻžāσ

1. Incorrect: I can’t rely on she helping us.

Correct: I can’t rely on her helping us.

2. Incorrect: If you insist on I coming, you must pay my fare.

Correct: If you insist on my coming, you must pay my fare.

6. āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‹āĻ§ā§āϝāϤāĻž āĻā§œāĻžāύ⧋āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ Relative Pronoun āϕ⧇ āϝāϤāϟāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦ āϤāĻžāϰ Antecedent ( āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻĒāĻĻ) āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻ›āĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ›āĻŋ āĻŦāϏāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āϝāĻĨāĻžāσ

Incorrect:  The man is very honest who doesn’t tell a lie.

Correct: The man who is very honest doesn’t tell a lie.

             Or: The man who doesn’t tell a lie is very honest.

7. As /so.........as āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§€ā§Ÿ as āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ Pronoun āĻāϰ Subject āϰ⧂āĻĒ āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āϝāĻĨāĻžāσ

Incorrect: Helen is as beautiful as her.

Correct: Helen is as beautiful as she.

8. Than āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ   Subject āϰ⧂āĻĒ āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āϝāĻĨāĻžāσ    Incorrect: Kamal is taller than me. Correct:  Kamal is taller than I.

9. Let āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ pronoun āĻāϰ object āϰ⧂āĻĒ āĻŦāϏāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āϝāĻĨāĻžāσ  Let me go out.

10. But āϝāĻ–āύ āĻ›āĻžā§œāĻž / āĻŦā§āϝāϤ⧀āϤ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤāĻ–āύ āχāĻšāĻž preposition, āϤāĻžāχ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ pronoun āĻāϰ object āϰ⧂āĻĒ āĻŦāϏāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āϝāĻĨāĻžāσ

All but him came to me.

11. Such āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ  Relative Pronoun  ‘who’ āύāĻž āĻšā§Ÿā§‡ ‘as’ āĻŦāϏāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āϝāĻĨāĻžāσ

1. Incorrect: I want such a boy who is intelligent.

Correct: I want such a boy as is intelligent.

2. Incorrect: Such boys who are idle can not shine. Correct: Such boys as are idle can not shine.

12. Some, Only, Any, All, One, Same āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Interrogative pronoun who, what āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇  which āύāĻž āĻŦāϏāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ that āĻŦāϏāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āϝāĻĨāĻžāσ All that glitters is not gold. / You may take any book that you want. / Who is the man that came here?

13. What (āϝāĻžāĻšāĻž āϤāĻžāĻšāĻž / āϤāĻžāĻšāĻž āϝāĻžāĻšāĻž ) āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ Antecedent   āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻ‚āĻļ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϝāĻžā§Ÿ what āĻāϰ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ⧇   verb āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ‚āĻŦāĻž what āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤ āϝāĻĨāĻžāσ

1. Incorrect: This is the case what I want.  Correct: This is what I want. Or, This is the case that I want.

Another example: What you said I didn’t understand. What he thinks is quite wrong.       

14. It’s āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ its āĻāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ āϰāĻžāĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ It’s = it is āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Its = āχāĻšāĻžāϰāĨ¤ āϝāĻĨāĻžāσ

Incorrect: The dog has it’s bones.

Correct: The dog has its bones.

15. Reflexive pronoun āĻ•āĻ–āύāĻ“ Subject āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āϝāĻĨāĻžāσ

Incorrect: Rana and myself were in the field.

Correct: Rana and I were in the field.


3. The Pronoun-Noun Pronoun Agreement

Pronoun

:Noun-Pronoun Agreement:

1. Agreement of It: āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ• Noun, āχāϤāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖā§€, āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁, āĻŽāϤ (idea) āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ collective noun āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇ āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āϝāĻĨāĻžāσ

   1. I have a very nice pen, it also writes well.

    2. A dog is always faithful to its master.

    3. We wanted to arrange a seminar but we could not realize it for some reasons.

2. Agreement of Indefinite pronoun and possessive pronoun:

a. Each /every+noun+verb+his/her+ Complement.

Ex: Every boy and every girl performs his duty sincerely.

b. Who/whoever+verb+his+Complement.

Ex: Whoever called did not leave his name.

c. Either+singular noun+or+singular noun+ verb+his/her + complement.

Ex: Either Sumita or Poushi deposited her money.

N.B: āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ Noun āĻāϰ āϕ⧋āύāϟāĻŋ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ Plural āĻšā§Ÿ, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ Possessive āϟāĻŋāĻ“ Plural āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Ex: Either he or his friends did their work.

 

3. First person āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āϕ⧋āύ Noun āĻŦāĻž Pronoun āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ Pronoun āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ First Person āĻāϰ Plural āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āϝāĻĨāĻžāσ

a. Rita and I did our best.

b. You and your friends tried your best.

4. Impersonal Pronoun: (āĻ…āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ• āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāύāĻžāĻŽ): One āĻāϰ Object āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ possessive āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ one āĻ“ one’s āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ (āϤāĻŦ⧇ Spoken English āĻ  him / his āĻ“ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤) āϝāĻĨāĻžāσ If one knew the facts, one would not be so quick to criticize.

5. Sequence of pronoun: [Pronoun āĻāϰ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāϧāĻžāϰāĻž] āĻāĻ•āĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ• Person āĻāĻ•āχ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϞ⧇ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ•āϤāĻž āĻŦāϜāĻžā§Ÿ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻžāϰ āύāĻŋ⧟āĻŽ āĻšāϞāσ

a. āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāύ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇āσ

Second person + third person + First person. (231)

Ex: You, he and I are friends.

b. āĻĻā§‹āώ/ āĻ…āĻĒāϰāĻžāϧ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āσ First person + third person Second person (132)

Ex: I, he and you are liable (āφāχāύāϤ āĻĻāĻžā§Ÿā§€) for this misdeed.