Modal Auxiliary verb

8. Modals Part-01

Modal Auxiliary verb

Can / could / could have / may / might / might have:

1. Ability, permission āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ possibility āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ can āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

 Example:    He can do the sum (ability) , Can I go now?  (Permission)

 It can be the best of all. (Possibility)

 2. Ability   in the   past āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ could āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

  Example:  He could   do the sum

āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“  Could  conditional   sentence āĻ āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

 3. May, might āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž permission āĻāĻŦāĻ‚   probability āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤

 Example:   May I go now?  (In case of permission may is more formal    than can)  It might   rain tomorrow ,   It may rain tomorrow

4. āϏāĻŦāĻŋāύ⧟ Request āĻŦāĻž offer āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ would āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

 Example:  Would   you like some biscuits?

5. Can’t help / couldn’t help āĻāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰ gerund āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž {Cannot help / could   not help} + (verb + ing)

 āϤāĻŦ⧇ Can’t but /  couldn’t  but āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ v1 āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž  

{Cannot but / could not but} v1

 Example:   I can’t help going there āϤāĻŦ⧇,

 I can’t   but go   there

 6. āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§āϝ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§ŸāύāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ could have + v3 āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤  Example:   I could have married anybody      but I did not

 I could have won   the race if I hadn’t fallen

 

Should / should be / should have/ had better :

1. āϕ⧋āύ Recommendation, advice āĻŦāĻž obligation āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ prediction āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇  should āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ Example :  You  should  respect  your  teachers  if  you  want  to be  successful. / Masum should study tonight as he has as exam tomorrow

 2. Speaker expect āĻ•āϰ⧇āύ āϝ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻšāωāĻ• āĻŦāĻž āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ should āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤  Example: It should   rain tomorrow (I expect it to rain tomorrow)  My  cheek  should  arrive  next  week ( I  expect  it to arrive next  week)

3. Should (āωāϚāĻŋā§Ž), had better(āĻŦāϰāĻ‚ āĻ­āĻžāϞ), ought to(āĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝ) āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ be supposed to(āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āφāĻ•āĻžāĻ‚āĻ–āĻž) āĻāϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻžā§Ÿ āĻāĻ•āχ āϰāĻ•āĻŽ meaning āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āύāĻŋāĻšāĻŋāϤ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻ—āϤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ•ā§āϝ āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāϰāĻž āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύ⧋āĻ•ā§āϤ Structure follow āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

  Subject {had better / should / ought to /  be supposed to / am -is - are to / was - were to} + verb in simple form

Example: Shafiq should study tonight. / Shafiq had  better study tonight. / Shafiq ought   to study tonight. / Shafiq is supposed to study tonight. 

 4. āϕ⧋āύ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻāĻ–āύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ Should be + verb ( ing ) āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

Example:   Why are you watching TV   now?  / You have   an exam tomorrow. / You should be reading now.

5. āϕ⧋āύ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ āύāĻŋ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ Should have+ V3 āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

 Example:  You should have done   the work.

 

Used to: 

1.  āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ­ā§āϝāĻžāϏ āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ Used to + v1 āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ 

Example: When Dalia was young, he used   to swim   once a day.

āĻŽāύ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻŦ⧇: Used  to   is always  in this  form,   it can   never be  use to. āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ Used to āĻāϰ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ  be verb  āĻŦāĻž get āĻŦāϏāϞ⧇   verb   + ing āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ   present  / past  /  future āϝ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ   tense āĻāϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž  -be +usedto /get +used to/ become+usedto + verb+ing

Example:Tomal is used to swimmingeveryday. / Masud was used to swimming everyday. / Sayeed will be used to swimming everyday.

āĻŦā§āϝāϤāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽ: āĻ…āĻ­ā§āϝāĻžāϏ āύāĻž āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ 'āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ-āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ' āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϞ⧇ Be  verb  +  used  to āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ  &nbnbsp;v1 āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻŦ⧇ subject āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āϝāχ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ• āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤    Example:  CNG is used to power vehicle (āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇)


9. Modals Part-02

Modal Auxiliary verb

Rather/ Would rather / would rather that

-āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻž āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ rather + v1 . e.g: You  rather   send  him here 

-āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āĻžāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻĒāĻ›āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻž āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ would rather + v1……. Than + v1

Example:   I would   rather  starve  than beg

 Would   rather + verb āĻšāϞ⧇-

i) I would    rather + v1 …………..  (Present / future indication)

 I would   rather   do the work    today

Ii   would rather + Have   + v3 …….. past   indication

 I would   rather   have done   the work yesterday

 Would   rather + clause āĻšāϞ⧇-

I. would rather   +that   sub + v2 ………. Present / future indication

 I would rather that you   did the work   today.

Ii. Would rather + that + sub +   had + v3 ……. Past indication

 I would rather that you had done the work yesterday.

 

Must / must be / must have

āϕ⧋āύ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āϝāχ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ, āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ Must + v1 āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤

Example:   One must endorse a check   before one cashes it.

/ We must submit to our parents 

  - [logical conclusion] āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŽāĻžāύ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāϪ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύāϰ⧁āĻĒ⧇ must āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§ŸāĨ¤

 Example: 

  1. āĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāϰ āϘāĻŸā§‡ āĻāĻŽāύ : must  + v1  

Shayna always gets the highest marks in the class. She must study hard

 ii. āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŽāĻžāύ : Must + be + verb (ing)

Shayna   nowadays   gets  the highest  marks  in the  class. She must be studying   hard.

iii. āĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ⧇āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŽāĻžāύ : Must + have + v3

Today shayna   has   got the highest marks in the class. She must have   studied   hard.

 

Have to / has to / had  to:

1. āϕ⧋āύ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āϝāχ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž Complete obligation āĻŦ⧁āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ have to āĻŦāϏ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ—āϤ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ• āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ have to āĻāϰ meaning must āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤ āĻšāϞ⧇āĻ“ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁āϟāĻž āϤāĻĢāĻžā§Ž āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ 

 Example:   -Shagor has to / must call his insurance agent today.

 -A pharmacist has to / must keep a record of the prescriptions that are filled.

2. Have to āϝ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ tense āĻ āĻŦāϏāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ must āĻļ⧁āϧ⧁āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ present structure āĻ āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

- Shogor had to call his insurance agent today. [Not must]

- A pharmacist had to   keep a record   of the prescriptions that are filled. [Not must] 

 

Need:

A. need āĻāϰ subject āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ• āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ Need+ Gerund (Verb + ing) āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ:

āĻ•. āϟāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋ āϟāĻž āĻŽā§‡āϰāĻžāĻŽāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻĻāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ - TV needs repairing.                 

āĻ–. āĻŦāĻžā§œā§€āϟāĻž āĻŽā§‡āϰāĻžāĻŽāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻĻāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ-  The house needs repairing     

 āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž Subject + need to be + past participle of verb. āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ: a. TV needs to be repaired.     b. The house needs to be painted.

 

B.  Subject+ be + in need of +Noun

Need āϕ⧇ āωāĻĒāϰ⧋āĻ•ā§āϤ structure āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§€ noun āĻšāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŦ⧇āĻ“ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ:

  āĻ•. āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϟāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻĻāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ  - We are in need of money (= We need money).

āĻ–. āϰāĻžāύāĻžāϰ āϟāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻĻāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞ  -Rana was in need of money.(= Rana  needed money)

C . need not have + Past participle / did not need to + present form of verb: āϕ⧋āύ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻšā§Ÿ āϝ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜāϟāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϕ⧋āύ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāύ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āύāĻž āĻāχ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇ āχāĻšāĻž āĻŦāϏ⧇ āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ: āĻ•. āφāĻŽāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒ⧇āύāϏāĻŋāϞāϟāĻž āφāύāĻžāϰ āĻĻāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ›āĻŋāϞ āύāĻž  - We need not have brought the pencil.                            

āĻ–.  āϤāĻžāϰ āϏ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰ āĻĻāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāύāĻž-  He did not need to go there.

 


10. The Verb- Linking Verb

Linking Verb

āϝ⧇ Verb,  Subject  āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Complement  āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧋āĻ— āϏāĻžāϧāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻā§‡ā§Ÿ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ Linking Verb  āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤ āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ :  a.  He is a student.     b. He was a doctor.

āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ ‘is’ āĻ“ 'was' linking verb āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž He āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ student  āĻ“ doctor āĻāϰ āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤

 

- linking verb āĻšā§‡āύāĻžāϰ āϏāĻšāϜ āωāĻĒāĻžā§Ÿ āĻšāϞ⧋ Subject  āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Complement āĻ…āĻŦāĻļā§āϝāχ āĻāĻ•āχ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āĨ¤ Subject  āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ Complement āϕ⧇ āϕ⧋āύāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āφāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§Ÿ āύāĻžāĨ¤

 

-be, appear, remain, become, feel, get, go, grow, keep, look, prove, sound, run, smell, seem, taste, turn, āĻāχ Verb āϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϕ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ Linking  Verb  āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ |


11. The Verb-Finite

Finite Verb

Subject āĻāϰ Number  āĻ“ Person  āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžā§Ÿā§€ āϝ⧇ Verb  āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻšā§Ÿ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇  Finite Verb  āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤ āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ t

a. He goes to college.  b. Rana knows it.

āωāĻ•ā§āϤ Sentenece  āĻĻā§āĻŦā§Ÿā§‡āϰ verb  āϝāĻĨāĻžāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽā§‡ goes  āĻ“  knows  āωāĻ•ā§āϤ verb āĻĻā§āĻŦ⧟ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ Subject ® He  āĻ“ Rana  āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ es  āĻŦāĻž  s  āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇ |

Finite Verb  āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāϰāϭ⧇āĻĻ t Finite Verb  āϕ⧇ āĻĻ⧁āχ āĻ­āĻžāϗ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§ŸāĨ¤  āϝāĻĨāĻž t

(i) Principal Verb       (ii) Auxiliary Verb

(i) Principal Verb: āϝ⧇  Verb  āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āϕ⧋āύ Verb  āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ›āĻžā§œāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ Principal Verb  āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤ āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ t

         a. We play cricket.       b. Man makes fire.

         c. People know it.        d. We need money.

āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ play, makes, know āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ need  āĻāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻŽā§‚āϞ verb  āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāχāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϰāĻžāχ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧ⧀āύāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰāϛ⧇āĨ¤

(ii)   Auxiliary Verb: āϝ⧇ Verb āĻŽā§‚āϞ  Verb  āϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ Sentence  āĻ—āĻ āύ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ Auxiliary Verb  āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤ āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ t

         a. I am reading a novel    b. Students are making a noise.           

         c. We should respect our parents.

āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ am, are  āĻ“ should āĻāχ āϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ Auxiliary Verb  āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāχāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ Principal Verb āϕ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇āĨ¤

 

Kinds of Principal Verb: Principal Verb  āϕ⧇ āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ ⧍ āĻ­āĻžāϗ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§Ÿ |

(i) Transitive Verb      (ii) Intransitive Verb    

(i)     Transitive Verb: āϝ⧇ Verb āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ Object  āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ Transitive Verb  āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤

         āϝ⧇āĻŽāύt

         a. He flies a kite.    b. We lost the pen.

 &nbsnbsp;     āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ flies  āĻ“  lost  āωāϭ⧟ Transitive Verb  āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž   Object  āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇ |

(ii)   Intransitive Verb: āϝ⧇  verb  āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ Object  āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§Ÿā§‹āϜāύ āĻŦā§‹āϧ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āύāĻž āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ Intransitive  verb  āĻŦāϞ⧇āĨ¤ āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ t

         a.The girl sings.      b. Birds fly.

āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ sings āĻ“ fly verb āĻĻā§āĻŦ⧟ intransitive āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ object āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻ›āĻžā§œāĻžāχ, āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒ⧇āϰ⧇āϛ⧇ |

 

Identifying Verbs: (Depending on Formation)

āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻļ⧇āώ⧇ ate

assassinate, captivate, exterminate, annihilate, cultivate etc.

āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻļ⧇āώ⧇ en

broaden, gladden, lengthen, shorten, fatten, thicken, deepen, soften, widen etc

āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻļ⧇āώ⧇ er

chatter, master, clutter, fritter, glitter, glimmer etc

āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻļ⧇āώ⧇ ish

publish, nourish, punish, banish etc

āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻļ⧇āώ⧇ ise / ize

civilise (ze), organise (ze), realise, penalise, lrgalise, mechanise (ze) etc

āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻļ⧇āώ⧇ se

cleanse, rinse etc

āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻļ⧇āώ⧇ fy

amplify, beautify, glorify, classify, identify, modify, satisfy etc