Tense & Sequence of Tense
8. Tense & Sequence of Tense
Description is not applied here.
1. Present TensesTense
Tense denotes the time of a verb. Example: Sumi eats an egg. - Present tense / Sumi ate an apple. - Past tense / Sumi will eat a carrot. - Future tense
Present indefinite tense-: S + V1(s/es)+ Ext
Rule 1.
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Always |
Regularly |
Sometimes |
Often |
Seldom |
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Usually |
Generally |
Normally |
Daily |
Every time |
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Frequently |
Twice a year |
Occasionally |
Every(day/week/morning) |
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on Mondays |
In summer |
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|
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āĻāĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āϤ Adverb āĻā§āϞ⧠āĻā§āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ present indefinite tense āĻšā§āĨ¤ Example :
Shaheen usually plays tennis once or twice a week. / Rabindranath's stories often surprise endings.
Rule 2. āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻā§āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž Habitual fact , universal truth, historical truth , near future , scientific fact , quotations āĻāĻŦāĻ exclamatory sentence āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϞ⧠present indefinite tense āĻšā§āĨ¤ Example : He takes tea every day. - Habitual fact / The earth moves round the sun. - Universal truth / India wins freedom in 1947. - Historical truth / Ice floats on water. - Scientific fact / Keats says, beauty is truth, truth beauty. - Quotations / Here comes the bus! - Exclamatory sentence
Present continues tense- S + am/is/ are + V ing + Ext
Rule 3.
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Now |
At this moment |
At present |
Day by day |
Now and now |
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Today |
Right now / tonight |
This year |
gradually |
increasingly |
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āĻāĻĒāϰā§āĻā§āϤ Word āĻāĻŦāĻ phrase āĻā§āϞ⧠āĻā§āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ⧠āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠āϤāĻž present continuous tense āĻšā§āĨ¤Example : The baby is crying at present because it is hungry now. / The sun is shining in the eastern sky now.
Rule 4. āύāĻŋāĻā§āϰ Verb āĻā§āϞ⧠[(1. Verbs of perception (āĻāĻĒāϞāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻŋāϏā§āĻāĻ āĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻž) 2. Verb of appearing (āĻŽāύ⧠āĻšāĻā§āĻž āϏā§āĻāĻ āĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻž) 3. Verb of emotion (āĻāĻŦā§āĻāϏā§āĻāĻ āĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻž) 4. Verbs of thinking (āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤāĻžāϏā§āĻāĻ āĻā§āϰāĻŋā§āĻž) ] āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ present continuous tense āĻšā§ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻŦāϰāĻ present indefinite tense āĻšā§āĨ¤
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Agree |
Appear |
Adore |
Belong |
Believe |
Care |
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Contain |
Consider |
Desire |
Dislike |
Detest |
Depend |
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Expect |
Feel |
Fear |
Forget |
Hate |
Hear |
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Hope |
Love |
Like |
Mind |
Mean |
notice |
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Need |
know |
Owe |
Observe |
Prefer |
Possess |
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Prescribe |
Remember |
Refuse |
Recall |
see |
Seem |
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Smell |
Trust |
Think |
Value |
Understand |
Want |
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Wish |
Be |
Pity |
Envy |
Remember |
Intend |
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Deserve |
Lack |
Matter |
own |
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Example :
Incorrect: Anwar is knowing me. Correct: Anwar knows me.
Incorrect: he is believing me now. Correct: He believes me now.
Present perfect tense- S + have /has +V3 +Ext
Example : We have not had a holiday since the beginning of the year
Rule 5. āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύā§āĻā§āϤ Adverb āĻŦāĻž adverbial phrase āĻā§āύ sentence āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϞ⧠āϤāĻž present perfect tense āĻšā§āĨ¤
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Already |
Just |
Just now |
Lately |
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Ever |
Recently |
So far |
Till |
For a long time |
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For |
Since |
Still / yet |
In the last few days |
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Example : He has been ill since Friday last. / He has just gone out.
Present perfect continuous tense- S + have been /has been + V ing + Ext
Present perfect continuous tense āĻāϰ structure: { since(āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāĻŽā§) for(āĻ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāĻŽā§) } + time. Example:
He has been suffering from fever for four days. / He has been playing since 4.00 pm.
Rule 6. āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāĻŽā§ āύāĻŋā§ā§ āĻā§āύ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϞāĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠Present perfect continuus tense āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤ āϝā§āĻŽāύāĻ We have been learning English since our childhood.
2. Past Tenses
Tense
Tense denotes the time of a verb. Example: Sumi eats an egg. - Present tense / Sumi ate an apple. - Past tense / Sumi will eat a carrot. - Future tense
Past Indefinite Tense- S + V2 +Ext
Rule 1. āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύā§āĻā§āϤ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻā§āϞ⧠āĻā§āύ sentence āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠āϤāĻž Past indefinite tense āĻšā§āĨ¤
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Ago |
Yesterday |
Long time |
Long since |
Wish |
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|
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Once |
It is time |
It ishightime |
Example: He came home yesterday. / The steamer sailed a week ago. / I had to go to hospital last Friday.
Rule 2. āĻ āϤā§āϤā§āϰ āĻ āύāĻŋā§āĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠used to āĻ āĻĨāĻŦāĻž would āĻšā§āĨ¤ Subject + would / used to + verb āĻāϰ present form + ….. āϝā§āĻŽāύāĻ Apurba would / used to play cricket every afternoon.
Rule 3. āĻ āϤā§āϤ āĻāĻžāϞā§āϰ āĻ āĻā§āϝāĻžāϏ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠Often , always , usually , regularly āĻāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āϝā§āĻ āĻāϰ⧠simple past tense āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§āĨ¤Example : He watered the plants regularly. (Water āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠verb āĻšāĻŋāϏā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§ā§āĻā§, āϝāĻžāϰ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž)
Past continuous tense- S + was / were + V ing + Ext
Rule 4. āĻ āϤā§āϤ āĻāĻžāϞā§āϰ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ Past continuous tense āĻšā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āύā§āϝ āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ past indefinite tense āĻšā§āĨ¤ āĻ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ structure āĻšāϞā§-
When + subject (1) simple past + subject (2) + past continuous. Example:
When Henry arrived home after a hard day at work, his wife was sleeping.
Or : Subject (1) + past continuous + when + subject (2) + simple past. Example:
We were doing a test when the lights went out.
-āĻ āϤā§āϤāĻāĻžāϞā§āϰ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻāĻ āϏāĻŽā§ā§ āĻāϞāĻāĻŋāϞ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϞ⧠āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋ Past āĻšā§āĨ¤ āĻ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ structure āĻšāϞā§āĻž-
Subject (1)+ past continuous + while + subject (2)+ past continuous. Example:
Robin was playing football while Abu Talha was watching TV.
Or: While + subject (1)+ past continuous + subject (2) + past continuous
While Byezid was travelling , Imtiaz&nbnbsp; was flying by plane.
Past perfect tense- S + had +V3 +Ext
Rule-5.
āĻ āϤā§āϤāĻāĻžāϞā§āϰ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāύāĻžāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āϝā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻā§ āϏā§āĻāĻŋ Past perfect tense āĻšā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒāϰā§āϰāĻāĻŋ past indefinite tense āĻšā§āĨ¤ Before āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ āĻāĻŦāĻ after āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰā§āϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ past perfect āĻšā§āĨ¤ āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻā§āϝ āĻāĻā§ āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰā§āĻ āĻ āύā§āϝ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻāĻŋ Past indefinite āĻšā§āĨ¤āϝā§āĻŽāύāĻ My friend had left before I came. / She told me his name after he had left.
-No sooner ……than, scarcely….. when, hardly …… when / before āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ sentence āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽāĻāĻŋ past perfect tense āĻšā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒāϰā§āϰ āĻāĻŋ past indefinite tense āĻšā§āĨ¤ Structure: { No sooner / scarcely / hardly } + had + subject + verb past perfect + { than / when / before } + past indefinite tense. āϝā§āĻŽāύāĻ No sooner had we left the house than it began to rain.
Past perfect continuous tense- S + had been + V ing + Ext
Past perfect continuous tense āĻāϰ structure: { since(āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāĻŽā§) for(āĻ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāĻŽā§) } + time. Example: He had been suffering from fever for four days. / He had been playing since 4.00 pm.
Rule- 6. āĻ āϤā§āϤ⧠āĻĻā§āϰā§āĻ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻŦāĻž āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāĻŽā§ āύāĻŋā§ā§ āĻā§āύ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāϞāĻāĻŋāϞ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠Past perfect continuus tense āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤ āϝā§āĻŽāύāĻ We had been learning English since our childhood.
3. Future Tenses
Tense
Tense denotes the time of a verb. Example: Sumi eats an egg. - Present tense / Sumi ate an apple. - Past tense / Sumi will eat a carrot. - Future tense
Future indefinite tense- S + shall /will +V1 +Ext
Rule- 1: āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύā§āϰ verb āĻāĻŦāĻ adverb āĻā§āϞ⧠āĻŦāĻā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝāϤ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāϰā§āĻāĻŋāϤ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻž, āĻ āύā§āĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ āĻŽāϤāĻžāĻŽāϤ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠future indefinite tense āĻšā§āĨ¤
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assume |
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be afraid |
doubt |
daresay |
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expect |
hope |
feel |
know |
suppose |
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think |
wonder |
possible |
|
perhaps |
Example : I believe Ashraful will help me. / I know Rajib will play football.
Rule-2: āĻāĻŦāĻŋāώā§āϝāϤ⧠āĻā§āύ āĻāĻžāĻ āϏāĻāĻāĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϞ⧠āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠tomorrow (āĻāĻāĻžāĻŽā§āĻāĻžāϞ), next āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ ( next week āĻāĻāĻžāĻŽā§ āϏāĻĒā§āϤāĻžāĻšā§, next night āĻāĻāĻžāĻŽā§ āϰāĻžāϤā§āϰā§) coming āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ (coming month āĻāĻāϤ /āĻāĻāĻžāĻŽā§ āĻŽāĻžāϏ) āĻāϤā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻāĻŋ future indefinite tense āĻāϰ āĻšā§āĨ¤ āϝāĻĨāĻžāĻ I shall go there next Friday. (āĻĒāϰāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠āĻļā§āĻā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāϰ⧠āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āϏā§āĻāĻžāύ⧠āϝāĻžāĻŦāĨ¤)
Future perfect tense - S + shall have / will have +V3 +Ext
Rule-3:
āĻā§āύ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ⧠By time , by then , by that time , by the 5th , by the end āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āϏāĻŽā§ āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻāϰāϞ⧠āϏā§āĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻāĻŋ future perfect tense āĻšā§āĨ¤Example: By the end of the lesson , you will have written an essay.
Tag Question Rules
āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāύ āĻŦāϰā§āύāύāĻž āĻŽā§āϞāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻļā§āώ⧠āϝ⧠āϏāĻāϞ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āύ āĻā§ā§ā§ āĻĻā§ā§āĻž āĻšā§ āϤāĻžāĻā§ Tag Question āĻŦāϞā§āĨ¤ āϝāĻĨāĻžāĻ He is taking tea, isn’t he?
āĻāĻ āύ āĻĒā§āϰāύāĻžāϞā§:
|
āĻŽā§āϞāĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ |
Tag āĻ āĻāĻļ |
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ |
|
āĻšā§āϝāĻžāĻ āĻŦā§āϧāĻ |
āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāϝā§āϝāĻāĻžāϰ⧠Verb + n’t + Sub āĻāϰ Pronoun ? |
You have done the work, haven’t you? |
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āύāĻž āĻŦā§āϧāĻ |
āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāϝā§āϝāĻāĻžāϰ⧠Verb + Sub āĻāϰ Pronoun ? |
You have not done the work, have you? |
Note: āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāϝā§āϝāĻāĻžāϰ⧠Verb āύāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠do / does / did
āĻŦā§āϝāϤāĻŋāĻā§āϰāĻŽā§ Tag Forms
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Regular Forms |
Short forms |
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ |
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am not |
aren’t |
I am always punctual, aren’t I? |
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shall not |
shan’t |
We shall be successful, shan’t we? |
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will not |
won’t |
They will help you, won’t you? |
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can not |
can’t |
I can make tea, can’t I? |
NB: āύāĻž āĻŦā§āϧāĻ āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ- no, not, never, neither, nor, scarcely, barely, hardly, hardly ever, seldom, little, few etc
Subject āĻĒā§āϰāϏāĻā§āĻ:
|
āĻŽā§āϞāĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ-subject |
Tag āĻ āĻāĻļ-sub |
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ |
|
Anybody, anyone, nobody, no one, none, neither, everybody, everyone, somebody, someone, every + noun |
They |
Anybody is absent, aren’t they? Everybody likes him, don’t they? - they āĻāĻāύ⧠is / does āĻā§āϰāĻšāύ āĻāϰ⧠āύāĻžāĨ¤ |
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One |
One |
One came here, didn’t one? |
|
Anything / Nothing |
It |
Nothing is certain, is it? |
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There |
There |
There is a book on the table, isn’t there? |
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This / That / It |
It |
This is a nice book, isn’t it? |
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The + adj |
They |
The wise are happy, aren’t they? |
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as well as |
āĻāϰ āĻāĻā§āϰ NP |
He as well as his sons is present, isn’t he? |
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Like (āĻŽāϤ) |
āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰā§āϰ NP |
A student like you should not do this, should you? |
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All of / Many of / Some of / None of |
āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰā§āϰ NP |
All of you are happy, aren’t you? |
|
Baby/ child/ āĻāϤāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāύā§/āĻŦāϏā§āϤ⧠|
It |
The baby is crying, isn’t it? |
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Moon / earth / river/ motherland/country /ship/ nature/spring/ autumn/ferry/train etc |
She |
Japan is a nice country, isn’t she? |
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Sun/Sumer/winter/fire/death/storm/cyclone/lion/tiger/earthquake |
He |
The sun rises in the East, doesn’t he? |
āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻā§āϰā§āϤā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ Points:
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āĻŽā§āϞāĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ |
Tag āĻ āĻāĻļ-verb |
āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϰāĻŖ |
|
Verb āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻļā§āϰ⧠(Imperative āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ) |
will you |
Let me go home, will you? |
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Let us |
shall we |
Let us read, shall we? |
|
āĻĻā§āĻŦā§āϤ āϰā§āĻĒā§āϰ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāϝā§āϝāĻāĻžāϰ⧠verb |
āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāϝā§āϝāĻāĻžāϰ⧠verb āĻāĻžāϞāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻā§ā§āĻžāϞ |
He’d go there, wouldn’t he? |
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āĻāĻāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ āĻāύā§āĻĄāĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ āĻāĻāϤā§āϰ⧠|
āĻŽā§āϞāĻāύā§āĻĄāĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ āĻ āύā§āϏāĻžāϰ⧠(Principal Clause) |
If he comes, I shall go, shan’t I? |
Note: 1. Imperative sentence āĻ āĻāĻžāĻāĻā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāϰāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŽāύā§āϤā§āϰāĻŖ āĻāĻžāύāĻžāϞ⧠won’t you āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž tag question āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤ āϝā§āĻŽāύāĻ Please put on the fan, won’t you?
2. āĻŽā§āϞāĻāύā§āĻĄāĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ⧠think / know / say / admit / believe / suppose etc āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠āĻ āύā§āϝāĻāĻŋ āĻ āύā§āϏāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤ āϝāĻĨāĻž: I think that Mrittika walked at the age of two, didn’t she?