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1. Present TensesTense
Tense denotes the time of a verb. Example: Sumi eats an egg. - Present tense / Sumi ate an apple. - Past tense / Sumi will eat a carrot. - Future tense
Present indefinite tense-: S + V1(s/es)+ Ext
Rule 1.
Always |
Regularly |
Sometimes |
Often |
Seldom |
Usually |
Generally |
Normally |
Daily |
Every time |
Frequently |
Twice a year |
Occasionally |
Every(day/week/morning) |
|
on Mondays |
In summer |
|
|
উপরোক্ত Adverb গুলো কোন বাক্যে থাকলে সাধারণত present indefinite tense হয়। Example :
Shaheen usually plays tennis once or twice a week. / Rabindranath's stories often surprise endings.
Rule 2. সাধারণ কোন বাক্য দ্বারা Habitual fact , universal truth, historical truth , near future , scientific fact , quotations এবং exclamatory sentence বুঝালে present indefinite tense হয়। Example : He takes tea every day. - Habitual fact / The earth moves round the sun. - Universal truth / India wins freedom in 1947. - Historical truth / Ice floats on water. - Scientific fact / Keats says, beauty is truth, truth beauty. - Quotations / Here comes the bus! - Exclamatory sentence
Present continues tense- S + am/is/ are + V ing + Ext
Rule 3.
Now |
At this moment |
At present |
Day by day |
Now and now |
|
Today |
Right now / tonight |
This year |
gradually |
increasingly |
|
উপরোক্ত Word এবং phrase গুলো কোন বাক্যে থাকলে তা present continuous tense হয়।Example : The baby is crying at present because it is hungry now. / The sun is shining in the eastern sky now.
Rule 4. নিচের Verb গুলো [(1. Verbs of perception (উপলব্দিসূচক ক্রিয়া) 2. Verb of appearing (মনে হওয়া সূচক ক্রিয়া) 3. Verb of emotion (আবেগসূচক ক্রিয়া) 4. Verbs of thinking (চিন্তাসূচক ক্রিয়া) ] সাধারণত present continuous tense হয় না। বরং present indefinite tense হয়।
Agree |
Appear |
Adore |
Belong |
Believe |
Care |
Contain |
Consider |
Desire |
Dislike |
Detest |
Depend |
Expect |
Feel |
Fear |
Forget |
Hate |
Hear |
Hope |
Love |
Like |
Mind |
Mean |
notice |
Need |
know |
Owe |
Observe |
Prefer |
Possess |
Prescribe |
Remember |
Refuse |
Recall |
see |
Seem |
Smell |
Trust |
Think |
Value |
Understand |
Want |
Wish |
Be |
Pity |
Envy |
Remember |
Intend |
Deserve |
Lack |
Matter |
own |
|
|
Example :
Incorrect: Anwar is knowing me. Correct: Anwar knows me.
Incorrect: he is believing me now. Correct: He believes me now.
Present perfect tense- S + have /has +V3 +Ext
Example : We have not had a holiday since the beginning of the year
Rule 5. নিম্নোক্ত Adverb বা adverbial phrase কোন sentence এ ব্যবহৃত হলে তা present perfect tense হয়।
Already |
Just |
Just now |
Lately |
|
Ever |
Recently |
So far |
Till |
For a long time |
For |
Since |
Still / yet |
In the last few days |
|
Example : He has been ill since Friday last. / He has just gone out.
Present perfect continuous tense- S + have been /has been + V ing + Ext
Present perfect continuous tense এর structure: { since(নির্দিষ্ট সময়) for(অনির্দিষ্ট সময়) } + time. Example:
He has been suffering from fever for four days. / He has been playing since 4.00 pm.
Rule 6. নির্দিষ্ট সময় বা অনির্দিষ্ট সময় নিয়ে কোন কাজ চলছে বোঝাতে Present perfect continuus tense ব্যবহৃত হয়। যেমনঃ We have been learning English since our childhood.
Tense
Tense denotes the time of a verb. Example: Sumi eats an egg. - Present tense / Sumi ate an apple. - Past tense / Sumi will eat a carrot. - Future tense
Past Indefinite Tense- S + V2 +Ext
Rule 1. নিম্নোক্ত শব্দ গুলো কোন sentence এ থাকলে তা Past indefinite tense হয়।
Ago |
Yesterday |
Long time |
Long since |
Wish |
|
|
Once |
It is time |
It ishightime |
Example: He came home yesterday. / The steamer sailed a week ago. / I had to go to hospital last Friday.
Rule 2. অতীতের অনিয়মিত অভ্যাস বুঝাতে used to অথবা would হয়। Subject + would / used to + verb এর present form + ….. যেমনঃ Apurba would / used to play cricket every afternoon.
Rule 3. অতীত কালের অভ্যাস বুঝাতে Often , always , usually , regularly ইত্যাদি যোগ করে simple past tense ব্যবহৃত করা যায়।Example : He watered the plants regularly. (Water এখানে verb হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে, যার অর্থ পানি দেওয়া)
Past continuous tense- S + was / were + V ing + Ext
Rule 4. অতীত কালের দুটি কাজের মধ্যে চলমান কাজটি Past continuous tense হয় এবং অন্য কাজটি past indefinite tense হয়। এ ধরনের বাক্যের structure হলো-
When + subject (1) simple past + subject (2) + past continuous. Example:
When Henry arrived home after a hard day at work, his wife was sleeping.
Or : Subject (1) + past continuous + when + subject (2) + simple past. Example:
We were doing a test when the lights went out.
-অতীতকালের দুটি কাজ একই সময়ে চলছিল বুঝালে উভয়টি Past হয়। এ ধরনের বাক্যের structure হলো-
Subject (1)+ past continuous + while + subject (2)+ past continuous. Example:
Robin was playing football while Abu Talha was watching TV.
Or: While + subject (1)+ past continuous + subject (2) + past continuous
While Byezid was travelling , Imtiaz&nbnbsp; was flying by plane.
Past perfect tense- S + had +V3 +Ext
Rule-5.
অতীতকালের দুটি ঘটনার মধ্যে যেটি আগে ঘটে সেটি Past perfect tense হয় এবং পরেরটি past indefinite tense হয়। Before এর আগের বাক্য এবং after এর পরের বাক্য past perfect হয়। উল্লেখ্য উভয় ক্ষেত্রেই অন্য বাক্যটি Past indefinite হয়।যেমনঃ My friend had left before I came. / She told me his name after he had left.
-No sooner ……than, scarcely….. when, hardly …… when / before দ্বারা যুক্ত দুটি sentence এর প্রথমটি past perfect tense হয় এবং পরের টি past indefinite tense হয়। Structure: { No sooner / scarcely / hardly } + had + subject + verb past perfect + { than / when / before } + past indefinite tense. যেমনঃ No sooner had we left the house than it began to rain.
Past perfect continuous tense- S + had been + V ing + Ext
Past perfect continuous tense এর structure: { since(নির্দিষ্ট সময়) for(অনির্দিষ্ট সময়) } + time. Example: He had been suffering from fever for four days. / He had been playing since 4.00 pm.
Rule- 6. অতীতে দীর্ঘ সময় বা নির্দিষ্ট সময় বা অনির্দিষ্ট সময় নিয়ে কোন কাজ চলছিল বোঝাতে Past perfect continuus tense ব্যবহৃত হয়। যেমনঃ We had been learning English since our childhood.
Tense
Tense denotes the time of a verb. Example: Sumi eats an egg. - Present tense / Sumi ate an apple. - Past tense / Sumi will eat a carrot. - Future tense
Future indefinite tense- S + shall /will +V1 +Ext
Rule- 1: নিম্নের verb এবং adverb গুলো বক্তার ভবিষ্যত সম্পর্কিত ধারণা, অনুমান ও মতামত বুঝাতে future indefinite tense হয়।
assume |
|
be afraid |
doubt |
daresay |
expect |
hope |
feel |
know |
suppose |
think |
wonder |
possible |
|
perhaps |
Example : I believe Ashraful will help me. / I know Rajib will play football.
Rule-2: ভবিষ্যতে কোন কাজ সংঘঠিত হবে বুঝালে কিংবা বাক্যের মধ্যে tomorrow (আগামীকাল), next বাচক শব্দ ( next week আগামী সপ্তাহে, next night আগামী রাত্রে) coming বাচক শব্দ (coming month আগত /আগামী মাস) ইত্যাদি থাকলে বাক্যটি future indefinite tense এর হয়। যথাঃ I shall go there next Friday. (পরবর্তী শুক্রবারে আমি সেখানে যাব।)
Future perfect tense - S + shall have / will have +V3 +Ext
Rule-3:
কোন বাক্যে By time , by then , by that time , by the 5th , by the end দ্বারা সময় নির্দেশ করলে সেই বাক্যটি future perfect tense হয়।Example: By the end of the lesson , you will have written an essay.
সাধারন বর্ননা মূলক বাক্যের শেষে যে সকল প্রশ্ন জুড়ে দেয়া হয় তাকে Tag Question বলে। যথাঃ He is taking tea, isn’t he?
গঠন প্রনালী:
মূলবাক্য |
Tag অংশ |
উদাহরণ |
হ্যাঁ বোধক |
সাহায্যকারী Verb + n’t + Sub এর Pronoun ? |
You have done the work, haven’t you? |
না বোধক |
সাহায্যকারী Verb + Sub এর Pronoun ? |
You have not done the work, have you? |
Note: সাহায্যকারী Verb না থাকলে do / does / did
ব্যতিক্রমী Tag Forms
Regular Forms |
Short forms |
উদাহরণ |
am not |
aren’t |
I am always punctual, aren’t I? |
shall not |
shan’t |
We shall be successful, shan’t we? |
will not |
won’t |
They will help you, won’t you? |
can not |
can’t |
I can make tea, can’t I? |
NB: না বোধক শব্দ- no, not, never, neither, nor, scarcely, barely, hardly, hardly ever, seldom, little, few etc
Subject প্রসঙ্গ:
মূলবাক্য-subject |
Tag অংশ-sub |
উদাহরণ |
Anybody, anyone, nobody, no one, none, neither, everybody, everyone, somebody, someone, every + noun |
They |
Anybody is absent, aren’t they? Everybody likes him, don’t they? - they কখনো is / does গ্রহন করে না। |
One |
One |
One came here, didn’t one? |
Anything / Nothing |
It |
Nothing is certain, is it? |
There |
There |
There is a book on the table, isn’t there? |
This / That / It |
It |
This is a nice book, isn’t it? |
The + adj |
They |
The wise are happy, aren’t they? |
as well as |
এর আগের NP |
He as well as his sons is present, isn’t he? |
Like (মত) |
এর পরের NP |
A student like you should not do this, should you? |
All of / Many of / Some of / None of |
এর পরের NP |
All of you are happy, aren’t you? |
Baby/ child/ ইতর প্রানী/বস্তু |
It |
The baby is crying, isn’t it? |
Moon / earth / river/ motherland/country /ship/ nature/spring/ autumn/ferry/train etc |
She |
Japan is a nice country, isn’t she? |
Sun/Sumer/winter/fire/death/storm/cyclone/lion/tiger/earthquake |
He |
The sun rises in the East, doesn’t he? |
কিছু গুরুত্বপূর্ণ Points:
মূলবাক্য |
Tag অংশ-verb |
উদাহরণ |
Verb দ্বারা শুরু (Imperative বাক্য) |
will you |
Let me go home, will you? |
Let us |
shall we |
Let us read, shall we? |
দ্বৈত রুপের সাহায্যকারী verb |
সাহায্যকারী verb ভালভাবে খেয়াল |
He’d go there, wouldn’t he? |
একাধিক খন্ডবাক্য একত্রে |
মূলখন্ডবাক্য অনুসারে (Principal Clause) |
If he comes, I shall go, shan’t I? |
Note: 1. Imperative sentence এ কাউকে কিছু করার আমন্ত্রণ জানালে won’t you দ্বারা tag question করতে হয়। যেমনঃ Please put on the fan, won’t you?
2. মূলখন্ডবাক্যে think / know / say / admit / believe / suppose etc থাকলে অন্যটি অনুসারে। যথা: I think that Mrittika walked at the age of two, didn’t she?