Dangling Modifier

18. Dangling Modifier

Description is not applied here.

Dangling Modifier-Introduction and Rules

āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϕ⧋āύ Modifier,  subject āĻāϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻļ⧇ āĻŦāϏāĻž āϏāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ⧇āĻ“ āϤāĻžāϕ⧇   ( subject-āϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ )  modify āύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁/āĻ•āĻžāωāϕ⧇  modify āĻ•āϰ⧇, āϤāĻžāϕ⧇    illogical   participle  modifier  /  dangling  modifier / misplaced modifier āĻŦāϞ⧇, āϝāĻž āĻāĻ• āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āϭ⧁āϞāĨ¤

The correct way of using modifiers:

āϕ⧋āύ   sentence āĻāϰ āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁āϤ⧇ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ modifier āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ āϐ modifier, āϝ⧇ Noun āϕ⧇ Modify āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇ āϏ⧇āχ (Subject) Noun āϟāĻŋ modifier āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇āχ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ modifier-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻŽāĻž āĻŦāϏāĻŦ⧇āĨ¤

Modifier āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ—āĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤ āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ-

1. Present participle

2. Past   participle

3. Preposition   + verb+ ing

4. Having +    v3 + (past participle +

5. Having been + v3 + past participle +

6. Reduced   adjective   clause  

7. Expressions with like or unlike

8. Appositive

Examples: 

1. Present participle:

Incorrect: walkingalongthe beach the ship was spotted by the men.

Correct: walkingalongthe beach the men spotted the ship.

2. Past participle:

Incorrect: Based on this   study, the scientist   could make several conclusions.  

Correct: Based on this   study, &nbnbsp;  several conclusions could be made by the scientist.

3. Preposition + verb+ ing

Incorrect: After   being    started,   the driver drove the truck   carefully.

Correct: After   being    started,    the truck     was   driven by the driver   carefully.

4. Having   + v3

Incorrect: Having apprehended the hijackers, they were   whisked   off (āĻŸā§‡āύ⧇ āĻšāĻŋāĻšā§œā§‡ āύāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϝāĻžāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž) to FBI headquarters   by the   security   guards.

Correct: Having apprehended the hijackers, the   security   guards whisked    them off   to FBI headquarters.  

5. Having   been + v3

Incorrect:   Having been delayed    by heavy traffic, it was   not     possible   for   her to arrive   on time.

Correct:   Having    been   delayed by heavy traffic,   she arrived    late 

6. Reduced adjective clause:

Incorrect:  while peeling (āĻ–ā§‹āϏāĻž āĻ›āĻžā§œāĻžāύ⧋)   onions his   eyes began   to water. 

Correct:   while he was   peeling onions, his   eyes   began to water.

 āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ to water āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ  verb. āĻāϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇’āĻšā§‹āĻ– āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻĒ⧜āĻž’āĨ¤ 

7. Expressions   with like   or unlike:

Incorrect:  Like most   cities, parking is a problem in San Francisco.

Correct:   Like most   cities, San Francisco   has a parking    problem.

8. Appositive: 

incorrect :   A  resort  city  in Arkansas,  the population  of  Hot  Springs  is  about  35,000

correct :  A  resort  city  in Arkansas, Hot Springs  has  a population  of  about  35,000

āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰāĻ—āϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖāσ

Sentence āϗ⧁āϞ⧋ āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāĻ•-  I was walking   along the street.  I saw a dead cow.

āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝ āĻĻ⧁’āĻŸā§‹āϕ⧇ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšā§Ÿ-  I saw   a dead cow walking along   the street.

āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻšā§Ÿ: āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϞāĻžāĻŽ āϰāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāϝ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŽāϰāĻž āĻ—āϰ⧁ āĻšā§‡āĻŸā§‡ āϝāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻĒāĻžāϰāϟāĻŋ āϕ⧇āĻŽāύ āĻšā§Ÿ? āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āĻ—āĻ āύāĻ—āϤ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ• āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϭ⧁āϞ āύ⧟, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝ āĻ•āĻŋ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ? āĻŽāϰāĻž āĻ—āϰ⧁ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻšāĻžāϟāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇? āĻāχ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžāϟāĻŋ āϘāĻŸā§‡āϛ⧇ Participle-āĻāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧁āϟāĻŋāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇āĨ¤   walking  participle-āϟāĻŋ  ( subject ) āĻāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤ, āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ dead cow āĻāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āϛ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāχāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇  participle āĻ­ā§‚āϞāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽā§‡ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϞ⧇, āϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻŦāϞ⧇ misrelated  participle/ illogical   participle modifier/ dangling  modifier / misplaced modifier

āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āϰ⧁āĻĒ āĻšāĻŦ⧇:  While walking along the street, I saw a dead cow. (āϰāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻž āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āĻšāĻžāϟāĻŦāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§Ÿ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŽāϰāĻž āĻ—āϰ⧁ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤

More examples:

  1.  After jumping out of a boat   the shark   bit the man.

āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āύ⧟āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ, The  shark āϕ⧇  subject āĻ•āϰāĻžā§Ÿ sentence āϟāĻŋāϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĻāĻžā§œāĻžā§Ÿ- āύ⧌āĻ•āĻž āĻšāϤ⧇  Shark āϟāĻŋ jump āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϞ⧋āĻ•āϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāĻŽā§œ āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤

āĻ…āĻĨāϚ  Sentence āϟāĻŋāϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āύ⧌āĻ•āĻž āĻšāϤ⧇    jump  āĻĻ⧇āĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ āϞ⧋āĻ•āϟāĻŋ  shark āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻŽā§œā§‡ āφāĻšāϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤

āϤāĻžāχ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āϰ⧁āĻĒ āĻšāĻŦ⧇:  After jumping out of a boat the man was bitten by a shark

  1.  Unable   to swim, a lifeguard    rescued   me.
  2. āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āύ⧟āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ, Sentence āϟāĻŋāϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĻāĻžā§œāĻžā§Ÿ-   

Lifeguard āϏāĻžāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϟāϤ⧇ āĻ…āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžā§Ÿ--------āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁,   sentence āϟāĻŋāϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āφāĻŽāĻŋ āϏāĻžāϤāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϟāϤ⧇ āĻ…āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžā§Ÿ Lifeguard āφāĻŽāĻžāϕ⧇ rescue āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤

  • āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āϰ⧁āĻĒ āĻšāĻŦ⧇:  Unable to   swim, I was rescued by   a lifeguard.
  1. Looking though     the window, a drop of rain   on the green   leaves   was seen by Sabrina.
  2. āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āύ⧟āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ, Sentence-āϟāĻŋāϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĻāĻžā§œāĻžā§Ÿ āĻŦ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāϰ āĻĢā§‹āϟāĻž āϜāĻžāύāĻžāϞāĻž āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϤāĻžāĻ•āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡---āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻāĻ•āχ    sentence   correct āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻšāϞ⧇  modifier āĻāĻŦāĻ‚   real  subject āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžā§āϜāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻžā§āĻ›āĻ¨ā§€ā§Ÿ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžā§Ž    sentence āϟāĻŋāϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤ  Sabrina āϜāĻžāύāĻžāϞāĻž āĻĻāĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϤāĻžāĻ•āĻŋā§Ÿā§‡ āϏāĻŦ⧁āϜ āĻĒāĻžāϤāĻžāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻĒāĻžā§œāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻŦ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāϰ āĻĢā§‹āϟāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤
  3. āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āϰ⧁āĻĒ āĻšāĻŦ⧇: Looking through   the window   Sabrina   saw  a drop of rain falling   on the green leaves.
  4.  After being started the drover drove  the truck carefully

āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻ¨ā§Ÿā§ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ, āĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ Modifier   ( after  being  started-āϟāĻŋ āϝ⧌āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇  real   subject ( the  truck āϕ⧇ Modify āĻ•āϰ⧇ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ,   sentence-āϟāĻŋāϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĻāĻžā§œāĻžā§Ÿ āĻĄā§āϰāĻžāχāĻ­āĻžāϰ start āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ  truck-āϟāĻŋ āϏāϤāĻ°ā§āĻ•āϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻšāĻŋāϤ-----āĨ¤ āĻ•āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧁ āĻāχ sentence, correct āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻšāϞ⧇ āĻāϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤ start āĻšāĻ“ā§ŸāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ  truck-āϟāĻŋ (āĻĄā§āϰāĻžāχāĻ­āĻžāϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āϏāϤāĻ°ā§āĻ•āϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻšāĻŋāϤ āϚāĻžāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§Ÿā§‡āĻ›āĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀  sentence āϟāĻŋāϤ⧇  modifier āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āĻ—āϤāĻŋ āϰ⧇āϖ⧇  the truck āϕ⧇   subject āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϞ⧋, āϝāĻž   modifier āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžā§āϚāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĨ¤

āϤāĻžāχ āĻŦāĻžāĻ•ā§āϝāϟāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āϰ⧁āĻĒ āĻšāĻŦ⧇:  After being started the truck was driven by the driver carefully