Dangling Modifier
18. Dangling Modifier
Description is not applied here.
āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻā§āύ Modifier, subject āĻāϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻļā§ āĻŦāϏāĻž āϏāϤā§āϤā§āĻŦā§āĻ āϤāĻžāĻā§ ( subject-āĻāĻŋāĻā§ ) modify āύāĻž āĻāϰ⧠āĻ āύā§āϝ āĻāĻŋāĻā§/āĻāĻžāĻāĻā§ modify āĻāϰā§, āϤāĻžāĻā§ illogical participle modifier / dangling modifier / misplaced modifier āĻŦāϞā§, āϝāĻž āĻāĻ āϧāϰāύā§āϰ āĻā§āϞāĨ¤
The correct way of using modifiers:
āĻā§āύ sentence āĻāϰ āĻļā§āϰā§āϤ⧠āϝāĻĻāĻŋ modifier āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠āĻ modifier, āϝ⧠Noun āĻā§ Modify āĻāϰāĻā§ āϏā§āĻ (Subject) Noun āĻāĻŋ modifier āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰā§āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠modifier-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻāĻŽāĻž āĻŦāϏāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Modifier āĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāύā§āύ āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤ āϝā§āĻŽāύ-
1. Present participle
2. Past participle
3. Preposition + verb+ ing
4. Having + v3 + (past participle +
5. Having been + v3 + past participle +
6. Reduced adjective clause
7. Expressions with like or unlike
8. Appositive
Examples:
1. Present participle:
Incorrect: walkingalongthe beach the ship was spotted by the men.
Correct: walkingalongthe beach the men spotted the ship.
2. Past participle:
Incorrect: Based on this study, the scientist could make several conclusions.
Correct: Based on this study, &nbnbsp; several conclusions could be made by the scientist.
3. Preposition + verb+ ing
Incorrect: After being started, the driver drove the truck carefully.
Correct: After being started, the truck was driven by the driver carefully.
4. Having + v3
Incorrect: Having apprehended the hijackers, they were whisked off (āĻā§āύ⧠āĻšāĻŋāĻā§ā§ āύāĻŋā§ā§ āϝāĻžāĻā§āĻž) to FBI headquarters by the security guards.
Correct: Having apprehended the hijackers, the security guards whisked them off to FBI headquarters.
5. Having been + v3
Incorrect: Having been delayed by heavy traffic, it was not possible for her to arrive on time.
Correct: Having been delayed by heavy traffic, she arrived late
6. Reduced adjective clause:
Incorrect: while peeling (āĻā§āϏāĻž āĻāĻžā§āĻžāύā§) onions his eyes began to water.
Correct: while he was peeling onions, his eyes began to water.
āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠to water āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ verb. āĻāϰ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ āĻšāĻā§āĻā§’āĻā§āĻ āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻž’āĨ¤
7. Expressions with like or unlike:
Incorrect: Like most cities, parking is a problem in San Francisco.
Correct: Like most cities, San Francisco has a parking problem.
8. Appositive:
incorrect : A resort city in Arkansas, the population of Hot Springs is about 35,000
correct : A resort city in Arkansas, Hot Springs has a population of about 35,000
āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰāĻāϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞā§āώāĻŖāĻ
Sentence āĻā§āϞ⧠āϞāĻā§āώā§āϝ āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžāĻ- I was walking along the street. I saw a dead cow.
āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ āĻĻā§’āĻā§āĻā§ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϝā§āĻā§āϤ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšā§- I saw a dead cow walking along the street.
āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ āĻšā§: āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻāϞāĻžāĻŽ āϰāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻž āĻĻāĻŋāϝ⧠āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽāϰāĻž āĻāϰ⧠āĻšā§āĻā§ āϝāĻžāĻā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠āĻŦā§āϝāĻĒāĻžāϰāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻŽāύ āĻšā§? āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ āύāĻāϤ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻā§āϞ āύā§, āϤāĻŦā§ āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻā§āϤāĻŦā§āϝ āĻāĻŋ āϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāϝā§āĻā§āϤ? āĻŽāϰāĻž āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻŋ āĻšāĻžāĻāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§? āĻāĻ āϏāĻŽāϏā§āϝāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§āĻā§ Participle-āĻāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰā§āϰ āϤā§āϰā§āĻāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖā§āĨ¤ walking participle-āĻāĻŋ ( subject ) āĻāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāĻā§āĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāϤ, āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠dead cow āĻāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§ā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ participle āĻā§āϞāĻā§āϰāĻŽā§ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϞā§, āϤāĻžāĻā§ āĻŦāϞ⧠misrelated participle/ illogical participle modifier/ dangling modifier / misplaced modifier
āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āϰā§āĻĒ āĻšāĻŦā§: While walking along the street, I saw a dead cow. (āϰāĻžāϏā§āϤāĻž āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻšāĻžāĻāĻŦāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽāϰāĻž āĻāϰ⧠āĻĻā§āĻāϞāĻžāĻŽāĨ¤
More examples:
- After jumping out of a boat the shark bit the man.
āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āύā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ, The shark āĻā§ subject āĻāϰāĻžā§ sentence āĻāĻŋāϰ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ āĻĻāĻžā§āĻžā§- āύā§āĻāĻž āĻšāϤ⧠Shark āĻāĻŋ jump āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āϞā§āĻāĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻŽā§ āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤
āĻ āĻĨāĻ Sentence āĻāĻŋāϰ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ āĻšāĻŦā§ āύā§āĻāĻž āĻšāϤ⧠jump āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ āϞā§āĻāĻāĻŋ shark āĻāϰ āĻāĻžāĻŽā§ā§ āĻāĻšāϤ āĻšā§ā§āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤
āϤāĻžāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āϰā§āĻĒ āĻšāĻŦā§: After jumping out of a boat the man was bitten by a shark
- Unable to swim, a lifeguard rescued me.
- āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āύā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ, Sentence āĻāĻŋāϰ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ āĻĻāĻžā§āĻžā§-
Lifeguard āϏāĻžāϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāĻāϤ⧠āĻ āĻā§āώāĻŽ āĻšāĻā§āĻžā§--------āĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤā§, sentence āĻāĻŋāϰ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āϏāĻžāϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻžāĻāϤ⧠āĻ āĻā§āώāĻŽ āĻšāĻā§āĻžā§ Lifeguard āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻā§ rescue āĻāϰ⧠āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤
- āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āϰā§āĻĒ āĻšāĻŦā§: Unable to swim, I was rescued by a lifeguard.
- Looking though the window, a drop of rain on the green leaves was seen by Sabrina.
- āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āύā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ, Sentence-āĻāĻŋāϰ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ āĻĻāĻžā§āĻžā§ āĻŦā§āώā§āĻāĻŋāϰ āĻĢā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻžāύāĻžāϞāĻž āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āϤāĻžāĻāĻŋā§ā§---āĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻāĻ sentence correct āĻšāϤ⧠āĻšāϞ⧠modifier āĻāĻŦāĻ real subject āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻā§āĻāϏā§āϝāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖ āĻšāĻā§āĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻāύā§ā§ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨāĻžā§ sentence āĻāĻŋāϰ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ āĻšāĻā§āĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāϤ Sabrina āĻāĻžāύāĻžāϞāĻž āĻĻāĻŋā§ā§ āϤāĻžāĻāĻŋā§ā§ āϏāĻŦā§āĻ āĻĒāĻžāϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻĒāϰ āĻĒāĻžā§āύā§āϤ āĻŦā§āώā§āĻāĻŋāϰ āĻĢā§āĻāĻž āĻĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤
- āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āϰā§āĻĒ āĻšāĻŦā§: Looking through the window Sabrina saw a drop of rain falling on the green leaves.
- After being started the drover drove the truck carefully
āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻāĻŋ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āύā§ā§ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ, āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠Modifier ( after being started-āĻāĻŋ āϝā§āĻā§āϤāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ real subject ( the truck āĻā§ Modify āĻāϰ⧠āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ, sentence-āĻāĻŋāϰ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ āĻĻāĻžā§āĻžā§ āĻĄā§āϰāĻžāĻāĻāĻžāϰ start āĻšāĻā§āĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ truck-āĻāĻŋ āϏāϤāϰā§āĻāϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻšāĻŋāϤ-----āĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻ sentence, correct āĻšāϤ⧠āĻšāϞ⧠āĻāϰ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨ āĻšāĻā§āĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāϤ start āĻšāĻā§āĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ truck-āĻāĻŋ (āĻĄā§āϰāĻžāĻāĻāĻžāϰ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āϏāϤāϰā§āĻāϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻšāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻžāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻšā§ā§āĻāĻŋāϞāĨ¤ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāϰā§āϤ⧠sentence āĻāĻŋāϤ⧠modifier āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āϏāĻāĻāϤāĻŋ āϰā§āĻā§ the truck āĻā§ subject āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϞā§, āϝāĻž modifier āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨā§ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻā§āĻāϏā§āϝāĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŖāĨ¤
āϤāĻžāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝāĻāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ āϰā§āĻĒ āĻšāĻŦā§: After being started the truck was driven by the driver carefully