Transformation-Superlative & Important Points
Transformation-Superlative & Important Points
Rules of Degree Transformation
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Positive (āĻŽā§āϞ āϰā§āĻĒ) |
Comparative (~ er / more ~ / less ~) |
Superlative (~ est / most ~ / least ~) |
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1. |
No other + Adj āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰā§āϰ āĻ āĻāĻļ + Verb (sing) + so / as + Adj āĻāϰ pos + as + āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ Sub
e.g.: No other boy in our class is as tall as Hasan. |
Sub + verb + Adj āĻāϰ Com + than any other / than all other + āϤā§āϞāύā§ā§ NP
: Hasan is taller than any other boy in our class. |
Sub + V + the +Adj āĻāϰ Sup +of any / of all (āύāĻžāĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§)+āϤā§āϞāύā§ā§ NP
: Hasan is the tallest boy in our class. |
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2. |
Very few + Adj āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰā§āϰ āĻ āĻāĻļ + Verb (Plu) + so / as + Adj āĻāϰ pos + as + āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ Sub
: Very few boys in our class are as tall as Hasan. |
Sub + verb + Adj āĻāϰ Com + than few other / than most other + āϤā§āϞāύā§ā§ NP (plu)
:Hasan is taller than few other boys in our class. |
Sub + verb + one of the + Adj āĻāϰ Sup + āϤā§āϞāύā§ā§ NP (Plu)
:Hasan is one of the tallest boys in our class. |
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3. |
Than āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰā§āϰ āĻ āĻāĻļ (NP2) + Verb (āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāϰā§āϤ sense - āĻšā§āϝāĻžāĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠āύāĻž, āύāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠āĻšā§āϝāĻžāĻ) + so / as + Adj āĻāϰ pos + as + āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ Sub (NP1)
e.g.: Kamal is not so tall as Hasan |
āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ Sub (NP1) + Verb (āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāϰā§āϤ sense - āĻšā§āϝāĻžāĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠āύāĻž, āύāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠āĻšā§āϝāĻžāĻ) + Adj āĻāϰ Com + than + āϤā§āϞāύā§ā§ āĻ āĻāĻļ (NP2)
e.g.: Hasan is taller than Kamal. |
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4. |
Sub (NP1) + Verb + no less / not less āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠as/so, less āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠not as/so + Adj āĻāϰ pos + as + NP2 e.g.: Kamal is so tall as Hasan Kamal is not so tall as Hasan. |
Sub (NP1) + Verb + as/so āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠no less / not less, not as/so āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠less + Adj āĻāϰ pos + than + NP2 Kamal is no less tall than Hasan Kamal is less tall than Hasan |
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5. |
As soon as + Sub + V2 + Ext, Sub + V2 + Ext
As soon as he saw me, he ran away |
No sooner had + Sub + V3 + Ext + than + Sub + V2 + Ext No sooner had he seen me than he ran away. |
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Note: ā§§āύāĻ āύāĻŋā§āĻŽā§āϰ Superlative āĻ of all / of any āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠positive āĻ āϤāĻž āĻāĻ ā§ āϝāĻžā§, Comparative āĻ of all = than all other, of any = than any other āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āύāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞā§āĻ than any other āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤
- Positive āĻ āĻāϏāϤ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻ Positive āĻĨā§āĻā§ āϝā§āϤ⧠āĻĒā§āϰ⧠āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝ āĻāϞā§āĻā§ āϝāĻžā§ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨāĻžā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āϝā§āϰ āĻļā§āϰ⧠āĻ āĻāĻļ āĻļā§āώ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻļā§āώ āĻ āĻāĻļ āĻļā§āϰā§āϤ⧠āĻāϏā§āĨ¤
Some Critical Points:
- āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ Entity-āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āϤā§āϞāύāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠Adjective āĻāϰ comparative degree āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāϰāĻĒāϰ than āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
2. Irregular comparative form āϝā§āĻā§āϤ adjective āĻā§āϞā§āϰ āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύ⧠āĻŦāϰā§āĻŖāĻŋāϤ āύāĻŋā§āĻŽ āĻ āύā§ā§āĻžā§ā§ comparison āĻšā§āĨ¤ āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύ⧠āĻā§ā§āĻāĻāĻŋ irregular adjective āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻ āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϞ:
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Adjective |
Comparative |
Superlative |
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Bad |
Worse |
Worst |
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Far |
Father / further |
Farthest / furthest |
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Good |
Better |
Best |
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Little |
Less |
Least |
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Many |
More |
Most |
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Much |
More |
Most |
3. āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻā§āύ Sentence āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ clause āĻāĻŋ comparative form āĻ āĻšā§, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§ā§ clause āĻāĻŋāĻ comparative form-āĻ āĻšā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ comparative āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦā§āĻ the āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰā§, āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ clause āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤā§ā§ clause āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§āĨ¤ Example : The faster we finish the sooner we can leave.
4. Than āĻāĻžā§āĻžāĻ āϤā§āϞāύāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠adjective āĻāϰ comparative degree āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§, āϤāĻŦā§ āϏā§āĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠sentence āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻļā§āώ⧠of the two / pair / twins āĻāϞā§āϞā§āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§, āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠comparative-āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦā§ the āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤ Example : Harvey is the smarter of the two boys / Of the two books this one is the more interesting.
5. āĻ āύā§āĻ āϏāĻŽā§ āĻ āϰā§āĻĨāĻā§ āĻā§āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύā§āϰ āĻāύā§āϝ Comparative degree āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦā§ far / much āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤ Example : A watermelon is much sweeter than a lemon . / She dances much more artistically than her predecessors
6. āĻĻā§āĻā§ā§āϰ āĻ āϧāĻŋāĻ Entity-āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āϤā§āϞāύāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠adjective-āĻāϰ superlative degree āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ superlative āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦā§ āϏāĻŦ āϏāĻŽā§ the āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤ Exercises : she is prettier of all the girls in our class.
7. Sentence-āĻ one of the āĻĨāĻžāĻāϞ⧠adjective-āĻāϰ superlative degree āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤Example : One of the greatest tennis players in the world is Biron Borg / Kuwait is one of the biggest oil producers in the world
8. Comparative estimates ---- multiple numbers: āĻā§āύ Sentence-āĻ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ multiple number āĻĨāĻžāĻā§, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ as many as āĻ āĻĨāĻŦāĻž as much as āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤
Uncountable noun āĻāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ as much as āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤ Multiple number āĻā§āϞ⧠āĻšāϞā§: Half / Twice / Three times / four times etc
Note : multiple number āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧠āĻāĻāύ⧠so ------as āĻ āĻĨāĻŦāĻž more than / less than āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§ āύāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻžāύā§, many much āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ noun āĻĨāĻžāĻāϤā§āĻ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧠āĻāĻŦāĻžāϰ āύāĻžāĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻāϤ⧠āĻĒāĻžāϰā§āĨ¤ Exercises : This one is prettier , but it costs twice much as the other one.
9. Comparative estimates -----as many as :
āϤā§āϞāύāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāϤ⧠āύāĻŋāϰā§āĻĻāĻŋāώā§āĻ āϏāĻāĻā§āϝāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰā§āĻŦā§ As many as āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§āĨ¤ Exercises : There are as many fifteen thousand students attending summer school
10. Illogical comparative degrees
Comparison āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāύāϤ āĻāĻāĻ entity āĻāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻšā§ā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§, āĻāĻŋāύā§āϤ⧠āĻāĻāύ⧠āĻāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāύāĻŋāϏā§āϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠compare āĻāϰāĻž āĻšāϞ⧠illogical comparison āĻšā§ā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻā§āώā§āϤā§āϰ⧠that of / those of āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰ⧠illogical comparison āĻā§ logical comparison āĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŖāϤ āĻāϰāĻž āϝāĻžā§āĨ¤
āĻŽāύ⧠āϰāĻžāĻāĻŦā§, Singular noun āĻāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ that of āĻāĻŦāĻ plural noun āĻāϰ āĻāύā§āϝ those of āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰāϤ⧠āĻšā§āĨ¤Exercise : Her qualifications are better than those of any other candidate
Note : possessive āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāϰ⧠illogical comparison-āĻā§ logical comparison āĻ āϰā§āĻĒ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž āϝāĻžā§āĨ¤ Example: His drawings are as perfect as his&nnbsp; instructor's ( possessive )
Note : āĻāĻāĻžāύ⧠instructor's āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧠āĻšāĻā§āĻā§ instructors' drawings
11. āϤā§āϞāύāĻž āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ Noun āĻāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āύāĻž āĻŦā§āĻāĻŋā§ā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ adjective āĻāϰ āĻŽāϧā§āϝ⧠āĻŦā§āĻāĻžā§, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧠āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽāĻāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻā§ more āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻā§ adjective āĻāϰ positive degree āĻšā§āĨ¤Example : This rice is more cheaper than good
12. āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύāϞāĻŋāĻāĻŋāϤ Adjective āϏāĻŦ āϏāĻŽā§ comparative- āĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§āϤ āĻšā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻĻā§āϰ āĻĒāϰ than āύāĻž āĻŦāϏ⧠to āĻŦāϏā§āĨ¤ Superior , inferior , senior , junior , prior , posterior. Example: She is senior to you by three years